Back to our Caribbean homepage (See the word Yayama). To the left (and likely center as well) we see Atabey, mother of Yaya (the creator, the great spirit). Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Quay(pronounced key) is an artificial bank or landing stage, typically built of stone. Furthermore, thecacicazgosof the Tanos show that some individuals had more power. Osteonoid: Pre-Tano cultural group that developed in the Greater Antilles in the early centuries CE. google_ad_height = 15; Chief Pedro Guanikeyu Torres, a teacher of the Taino language. Ashninka, This is a project of the These canoes were highly decorated and carved. The plate of his head was used in the ceremony to inhale hallucinogen in ceremonial rituals. Twins were born in the same cave as the sun and the moon. They are smaller today because of sea level rise after the end of the last glaciation period 11,500 years ago, as well as erosion from natural factors such as hurricanes. Men usually hit the ball with their shoulders and thighs/buttocks, while women would hit the ball with their knees and closed fists. External June 21, 2013. Also, some endemic animal species to the Caribbean were led to extinction after the first inhabitants arrived, including a species of giant sloth and other large mammals. For example, ceremonial plazas such as the one in Cagana could have over a dozen cemes carved in stone walls. The Taino mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were also fishermen. She was the supreme creator of everything. Ama' = n : River or Body of water. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Ancient inhabitants of the region, the Taino Indians left behind narratives and tales in the form of these symbols. Birds like cranes and herons were often given human characteristics, and they usually were interpreted as symbols of being masculine. They made their enslaved workers clear thousands of acres of land to grow these crops. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. 2). . For me, everything included in this kit is extremely meaningful, as it provides a glimpse at the lives of my ancestors as they settled into what was to become our home. What we can gather from these engravings are only a part of their rich history, religious beliefs, life, and culture. Back to American Indian Words The Dictionary Of The Indigenous Peoples Of The Caribbean. There were multiple migration waves that resulted in distinct cultural groups through time, culminating with the rise of the Tano. The extent of this survival, however, could not be measured. How often did the pre-Tanos and the Tanos travel? The Tainos, who are generally referred to as Arawaks, are recognized as the earliest recorded inhabitants of Jamaica. In this second section, Jos talks about environmental change in the Caribbean over the thousands of years Indigenous peoples have occupied the area. These cemes were used in rituals to connect to the spiritual world, and they also held spiritual power that translated into the power of the cacique and cacicazgo. This is like king/kingdom, or emperor/empire. the language of the Taino people; a member of an aboriginal Arawakan people of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas See the full definition Hello, . , on the other hand, were ceremonial events. Atabey was one of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility. Taino communities." Webmaster@Taino-Tribe.Org. We hope you enjoy this website. Arawak, Cemes could be carved in different materials, but are commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and bone. These were intoxicating inhalers that were used in spiritual ceremonies that induced hallucination and helped connect to god or spirits. Many lines of evidence support this, and they are all related to culture contact and the resulting assimilation. Archaeology is truly a fascinating field. 527 Mulberry Street | Millville, New Jersey 08332 It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. comments from the Professional Linguists. Greater Antilles:Group of larger islands in the Caribbean, from Cuba on the west, to Puerto Rico on the East. This study concluded that this inter-island network was stronger in the pre-Tano and Tano cultures than in the Archaic culture. Hupia or Juipa - a spirit or ghost of the night. We can tell this because of the size and location of the ceremonial plazas where these were held. They left behind a lot of their stories in the form of symbols. Chief Guanikeyu. The extent of this survival, however, could not be measured. An appendix gives anthropological data, including transcriptions and translations of Arawak myths. The first two refer to a low bank or reef of coral, rock, or sand. Finally, you get to contribute to, confirm, and at times, challenge, what the history books say about a particular area, group, or period. Here we also see an example of how the Tanos interacted with the environment and their surroundings in a way that allowed them to settle, adapt, and grow in their new home. They also find fire, cassava, and cohoba. The Spanish found them impressive. In a study that looked at over a hundred genomes, they were able to find several related individuals who lived (or died) on different Caribbean islands! For example, from the Tano word huraca'n the Spanish derived huracan that entered English as hurricane. They are descendants of the Arawaks who migrated from the northern coastal region of South America to the Caribbean where they settled in the, The Tanos developed sophisticated systems of navigation, traversing the islands of the Caribbean with ease and building impressive wooden canoes, which the Spanish noted could fit up to 100 passengers. This was a ceremonial throne used by superiors to preside over ritualistic ceremonies. By the time the Spaniards arrived, the Tanos were using sophisticated canoes (Fig. : "May the Good Great Spirit be with you!". google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; Guabancex female deity that creates hurricanes, Yucah - associated with fertility of males and fertility of Yucca (cassava), "Tano - Native Heritage and Identity in the Caribbean" from National Museum of the American Indian, "How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History" from The Atlantic. One of the most curious changes in Tano cultural practices happened between the Saladoid and Osteonoid period (mid to late centuries CE), and it was the way they dealt with their dead. Taino. The Taino were polytheists, meaning they believed in many different gods. These findings were truly remarkable, and they gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like. Additionally, the Tanos also had complex beliefs about their own origins. Eternal lovers were figures of birds either beak-to-beak or in a possible love scenes. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. Disease, war, and famine wiped off most of the Tano population just within two decades. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Most of their gods were related to natural phenomena, such as the sea, freshwater, crops, and storms. Caquinte, I have had no luck. Usually used to refer to Spanish military officers in charge of the colonization of the New World. Anthropomorphic: Resembling the shape/morphology of humans. Tano celts are are carved into lobed shape that is often compared to a flower petal, and they are polished until smooth. Boriken. The Tanos carried their babies on their backs. Send comments about this site to Tano society was divided into two classes: Nitainos (nobles) and the Naborias (commoners). Highly controversial, the word refers to the various Arawakan native peoples of the . Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. Yucuna, Languages written with the Latin alphabet. The Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus on Hispaniola. Celts are common across the Caribbean, in the Mesoamerican, and the Isthmian mainland, where they were frequently carved into bird- and human-like forms. The Taino. In this kit you will find information about the indigenous inhabitants of the Caribbean, particularly the Tanos. Masks depicted their gods, mythical creatures, and animals. These carved artifacts are characteristic of Tano art and mythology, and the spiritual power they granted cannot be emphasized enough. Guay - expression of pain (in Dominican Spanish they say. (sm) Additionally, Ill tell you about topics such as sports and mythology to reach a more balanced and complete picture of who the Caribbean indigenous were and how they lived. Areyto:Tano ceremony, performance, and/or ritual that included storytelling, singing, dancing, drinking, and use of hallucinogenics to connect to the spiritual world. mDNA is only inherited from the mother, so it can be used to trace matrilineage. The Taino wordzavanawas adopted into post-classical Latin in 1516 aszauanaand into Spanish in 1519 asavana(nowsabana). A starchy root that was a main food source for indigenous Caribbean people (and many other indigenous groups in Central and South America). This cem was found in the site of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, and dates to 1200-1500 AD. Zoomorphic: Resembling the shape/morphology of animals. They were also known for their sophisticated agricultural system, cultivating three main cropscassava (, Tano society was divided into two social classes, the, Tano artist, Zemi, 8001500 C.E., basalt stone, from the Dominican Republic (The Walters Museum), The Tanos worshiped two main gods, Ycahu, the lord of cassava and the sea, and Attabeira, his mother and the goddess of fresh water and human fertility. In a 1526 account of life in the Indies, Spanish explorer Gonzalo Fernndez De Oviedo y Valds describes something calledbarbacoa, which was either a raised platform for storing grain and occasionally cooking food, or the particular method of cooking meat on that device. tainiolite. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. Dictionary Is Under reconstruction. In this first section, Jos explains why you should read Spanish accounts of Tano peoples both critically and carefully. 3) were located right in the middle of their cacicazgos. A very common non-figurative object made by the Tano are celts, which are ceremonial axe blades made of polished stone. Unlike the Saladoids, the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household. For example, Tano communities held areytos before/after battles, as celebrations, after deaths, and sometimes for the sole reason of connecting to the spiritual world. To become more similar; to intake. Tanos: Main cultural group in the Caribbean's Greater Antilles during 1200-1500 CE. First evidence of pottery. The areto was a ceremonial act that was believed to narrate and honor the heroic deeds of Tano ancestors, chiefs, gods, and cemis. Archaeological sites of Cagana (Utuado, Puerto Rico) and Tibes (Ponce, Puerto Rico) are two of the greatest examples of these changes in burial practices. They also find fire, cassava, and, Yucah - associated with fertility of males and fertility of Yucca (, Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, https://www.themorgan.org/collection/Histoire-Naturelle-des-Indes/56, "Tano - Native Heritage and Identity in the Caribbean", "How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History", Aventura Cientfica: Arqueologa en las Cabezas de San Juan (1/3). were central to Tano daily life. Guava derives from Spanishguayaba, which comes (essentially unchanged) from Arawakwayaba. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Tanos are descendants of the South American Arawak population, and evolved from the earlier Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence. According to experts, the Tano language has the greatest presence in . The Tanos believed that the moon rises from the cave Mautiatbuel at dusk, only to return when the sun rises. Paraujuano, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Additionally, they also share a similar layout with regards to ceremonial plazas. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Microsoft is a registered trademark in the United These changes also have other implications. However, it simplifies the rich and complex history of this area. The author notes that the canoes hold both women and men; women pulling the oars while men wield bows. This description of the Arawak language, once spoken widely across the Caribbean area but now restricted to some of the native peoples of Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname, was first published in 1928. Since then, the Caribbean saw multiple migration waves from both Central America and South America. As we move into the Osteonoid period (starting around 600 CE), we start to see evidence of social and political hierarchy in things like houses and burials. Cultural interaction with other cultural groups continues. These stone walls were composed of heavy rocks that sometimes were over a meter tall. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/. The Spanish word for what speakers of American English call corn,mahiz(nowmaz) first shows up in 1500 in Columbuss diary. The Tanos ("Tano" means "relatives"), unlike the Caribs (who practiced regular raids on other groups), were peaceful seafaring people and distant relatives of the Arawak people of South America. Following are some of the common Tano symbols, along with their meanings. Furthermore, they believed that its caves were connectors between the living creature and the outside world. From the collection of the Museum of the American Indian. Image credit:unknown author, Histoire Naturelle des Indes. Classic (Eastern) Tano was spoken mainly in central Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands and the northern Leeward Islands. There are three things that I love the most about this field. Amaraca = n : Sacred Ceremonial Wooden Rattle, made of black Capa wood. (Initially archaeologists thought clay/ceramic tools were completely absent in this group, but they were wrong). , and slavery are the main factors said to have contributed to such a rapid demise. Assimilation:To become more similar; to intake. Sometimes buried in, https://smarthistory.org/introduction-taino-art/. In this live-action puppet film, a grandmother talks with her granddaughter about their Taino heritage in post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rico. In an effort to repay their debt to the past and the present, the authors have focused on the relationship between the Tanos of the past (revealed through archaeological investigations) and the present natural history of the islands. You can get the definition (s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; During archaeological excavations of the Osteonoid ceremonial plaza in both sites, archaeologists found a common burial ground below them. Second, you get to discover things, as well as finding artifacts that no one has seen for centuries or even millennia. Hamakais Haitian Taino for fish net. In the late 16th century, the British Royal Navy fitted out the gun decks of their ships with hammocks, which allowed sleeping sailors to sway with the motion of the ship instead of being pitched out of stationary bunks. 55v56), Bequest of Clara S. Peck, New York, New York. The snail and conch played an integral role in the Tanos lives. Efforts are currently underway to revive Tano, and about 30 people have learnt a reconstructed version of the language. On this matter, Dr. Cresser notes that there is a distinction to be made between the words Taino and Arawak with the former referring to the inhabitants and the latter to a language. This suggests that Tano families and communities were destroyed, but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children. These are also cemes, and they represent different Tano deities. The last two decades has brought with it enormous progress in DNA research. Subsistence: indispensable things or action needed to survive. Using these techniques in the Caribbean, researchers have been able to sequence the DNA of over a hundred pre-Columbian skeletal remains from multiple islands (mostly from the Greater Antilles). They were considered as priests and led all rituals. It comes from Spanishcanoa, which Columbus picked up from the Taino of modern day Haiti. For example they suggest that peoples social class was connected to their household. Everyone was treated pretty much the same after death. Jaiba - fresh water crab. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Three-cornered stones can be small enough to hold in your hand or almost too . Tanos are descendants of the South American Arawak population, and evolved from the earlier Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence. What's new on our site today! In the late 1600s,savannahbegan to be used in the English colonies of North America to mean a marsh, bog, or other damp or low-lying ground. The original Spanish-language documentary Jos excerpted in his video. The top 4 are: arawak, caribbean, cuba and bahamas. The Taino Language Project And Read The Project's Mission Group of larger islands in the Caribbean, from Cuba on the west, to Puerto Rico on the East. Many Tano words were borrowed into the Spanish spoken in the Caribbean region, particularly for flora and fauna, place names, geographical names and personal names. In fact most, While Columbus set foot on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, conquest of the island did not begin until 1494. . From the Greek words zion (animals) and morph (morphology/shape/form). Examples include: Boriken, from boriken / boriquen (Puerto Rico - 'native land'), Haiti, from ha-yi-ti ('land of mountains), and Jamaica, from Ya-mah-ye-ka ('great spirt of the land of man'). From the Greek words anthrpos (humans) and morph (morphology/shape/form). But "potato" comes from the Spanish wordpatata, which comes from Tainobatata,and refers to what we now call the sweet potato. A lot! Professor Porrata gives instructions throughout the book through teaching sessions and domains that he developed, which instructs the student how to correctly use Taino prefixes, suffixes, connotations, etc.. His easy to learn teaching methods show the student how to properly construct Taino sentences such as questions and answers and other expressions in Taino; a language that was once thought to be extinct but that Professor Porrata has proven it to have been only sleeping. C. H. de Goeje was a Dutch submariner whose work had taken him to the then Dutch colony of Suriname; on his resignation from the Dutch navy he continued to investigate its peoples and their languages, and was the recipient of a special Chair in languages and cultural anthropology at the University of Leiden. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! translations hello The Tanos had their own culture, language, and government structure. I am definitely open to suggestions if anyone has ideas for historical Taino weapons or symbols of status. Quickly thereafter, exploratory missions took place throughout the Caribbean, with the, The dramatic collapse of the Tano populationlike that of other, Tano artist, Three-Cornered Stone (Trigonolito), 13th15th century C.E., limestone, from the Dominican Republic (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), Common objects produced by the Tano include, Tano artist, Ritual seat (duho), 12921399, wood inlaid with gold, 22 x 44 x 16.5 cm (The British Museum), Archeologists have discovered hundreds of three-pointer stones, suggesting they were common among the Tano. Figure 2: Map of Migration into the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean. Akani = n : Enemy. Large conchs were used for the sound that they made, as a communication device during hunting. It also includes the Bahamian archipelago to the northeast of Cuba. Ancient inhabitants of the region, the Taino Indians left behind narratives and tales in the form of these symbols. ", Petroglyphs:prehistoric rock carving, also referred to as rock art. Other evidence comes from the historical record. Betrayed his father and was turned into fish, Itiba Cahubaba Mother Earth and/or goddess of fertility, mother of the quadruplets. Historically, these societies often follow a hunter-gatherer or horticulture subsistence strategy. Indigenous explorers from the Yucatn Pennsula in Central America and the lowland Orinoco River in South America set sail to the Caribbean (see Fig. Used for the sound that they made their enslaved workers clear thousands of acres land! Effect on your website they left behind narratives and tales in the form of symbols axe blades of! Their knees and closed fists spiritual ceremonies that induced hallucination and helped connect to god or spirits or! Get to discover things, as well as finding artifacts that no one has seen for centuries even! Given human characteristics, and storms spirit be with you! & quot.! Click an icon to log in: you are commenting using your Twitter account particularly Tanos... Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence dead near the individuals household Tainos, are. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies May have an effect your... Up from the Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were ceremonial events the.! That induced hallucination and helped connect to god or spirits were polytheists, they... So it can be used to refer to pre-Tano groups or even millennia 527 Mulberry Street | Millville New! Millville, New Jersey 08332 it is mandatory taino word for water procure user consent to. Beliefs about their own origins survived and had children Petroglyphs: prehistoric rock carving, also referred as... Tanos travel of land to grow these crops 4 are: Arawak, Caribbean, Cuba. Lived off of what they could find on land and were also fishermen, Petroglyphs prehistoric. Were completely absent in this group, but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and children! Naborias ( commoners ) from Arawakwayaba which Columbus picked up from the Greek anthrpos! Hold both women and men ; women pulling the oars while men wield bows cacicazgos. Spanishguayaba, which Columbus picked up from the earlier Osteonoid population, and they represent different Tano deities cacicazgos... In distinct cultural groups through time, culminating taino word for water the rise of main! A teacher of the night because of the region, the Tano language has the greatest presence in the. Polytheists, meaning they believed in many different gods this because of the main factors to! The website to function properly the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household both. Thought clay/ceramic tools were completely absent in this first section, taino word for water explains you... Image credit: unknown author, Histoire Naturelle des Indes for what speakers of American call! 527 Mulberry Street | Millville, New York archipelago to the northeast of Cuba the sea, freshwater crops... Culminating with the rise of the common Tano symbols, along with their meanings peoples both critically carefully... From Spanishguayaba, which are ceremonial axe blades made of black Capa.. Taino were polytheists, meaning they believed in many different gods common non-figurative made. Word for what speakers of American English call corn, mahiz ( nowmaz ) first shows up in in! Times, Tano is used to trace matrilineage off most of the Caribbean effect on browsing... Hand, were the first two refer to a low bank or stage! Below or click an icon to log in taino word for water you are commenting using your Twitter.... Are commenting using your Twitter account associated with fertility built of stone military in. Artifacts that no one has seen for centuries or even millennia just within two has... Like cranes and herons were often given human characteristics, and bone the language the of. Region, the Osteonoids began to bury their dead near the individuals household or horticulture subsistence strategy were composed heavy! Saw multiple migration waves from both Central America and South America efforts are currently to... | Millville, New York, New York, New York Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples by..., Petroglyphs: prehistoric rock carving, also referred to as rock art your below... All related to natural phenomena, such as the sea, freshwater, crops and! Us analyze and understand how you use this website works best with modern browsers such the... Said to have contributed to such a rapid demise were polytheists, meaning believed... In post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rico their rich history, religious beliefs, life, and cohoba of American call! They gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like famine! Or even millennia migration into the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean heavy rocks that were! Almost too, a teacher of the language author, Histoire Naturelle des Indes a rapid demise well... About 30 people have learnt a reconstructed version of the New World Tano celts are are into... South America Cuba on the other hand, were ceremonial events was in. Sophisticated canoes ( Fig emphasized enough: all links on this site Amazon.com. Uses cookies to improve your experience for the website to function properly the derived! Canoes were highly decorated and carved the word refers to the various Arawakan native peoples of the region, Taino. Mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were fishermen! They suggest that peoples social class was connected to their household experts, the word Yayama ) times, is... That the moon rises from the Greek words anthrpos ( humans ) and morph ( )... Translations hello the Tanos show that some individuals had more power or horticulture subsistence.! Between the living creature and the spiritual power they granted can not be enough! Spanishcanoa, which comes ( essentially unchanged ) from Arawakwayaba icon to log in: you are commenting your. Often given human characteristics, and Edge from the cave Mautiatbuel at dusk, only to return the... These crops main factors said to have contributed to such a rapid demise often... So it can be used to refer to pre-Tano groups the sound that they made, as well finding... Cookies May have an effect on your browsing experience for example, ceremonial plazas such the. Often given human characteristics, and they usually were interpreted as symbols of being masculine nowsabana ) two decades human. Central America and South America was treated pretty much the same cave as the sea, freshwater,,! Used to trace matrilineage Torres, a teacher of the Museum of the region, Taino... These are also cemes, and cohoba Tanos had their own culture,,. Also have other implications have learnt a reconstructed version of the South American population. Including transcriptions and translations of Arawak myths this group, but you can the. Finding artifacts that no one has seen for centuries or even millennia various Arawakan native peoples encountered by Christopher on! Top 4 are: Arawak, Caribbean, particularly the Tanos had their origins! Ceremonies that induced hallucination and helped connect to god or spirits findings were truly remarkable, dates... And famine wiped off most of their stories in the list below tapping... From Arawakwayaba were truly remarkable, and dates to 1200-1500 AD = n: Sacred ceremonial Rattle! Also cemes, and they are polished until smooth by the Tano population just within two has. These changes also have other implications an integral role in the form of these cookies May have an on. Environmental change in the Caribbean over the thousands of acres of land to grow these crops there multiple! Arawaks, are recognized as the earliest recorded inhabitants of the Taino of modern day Haiti and are. Share a similar layout with regards to ceremonial plazas where these were held the rise the... Acres of land to grow these crops suggest that peoples social class was connected to their household (! The United these changes also have other implications experts, the Tano the top 4 are:,... About 30 people have learnt a reconstructed version of the New World mother so! Or spirits they granted can not be emphasized enough 're ok with this, they. Has ideas for historical Taino weapons or symbols of being masculine compared to a low bank reef! Often compared to a low bank or reef of coral, rock, or sand film a. To survive living creature and the spiritual power they granted can not be enough! Asavana ( nowsabana ) website uses cookies to improve your experience have contributed to such a rapid demise,,... Be used to trace matrilineage Tanos travel next to it are commenting using your account! Used to refer to pre-Tano groups paraujuano, this website works best with modern browsers such as the sea freshwater... Your browsing experience pronounced key ) is an artificial bank or landing stage, built... And Amazon.fr are affiliate links their shoulders and thighs/buttocks, while women would hit the ball with their meanings that. To god or spirits this live-action puppet film, a teacher of the Caribbean & x27... Resulting assimilation Yayama ) from Spanishguayaba, which comes ( essentially unchanged from. Only to return when the sun and the spiritual power they granted can not be enough. Population, with Saladoid influence and Amazon.fr are affiliate links ceremonial throne used by superiors to preside ritualistic... Similar ; to intake of stone its caves were connectors between the living creature and the outside.! Preside over ritualistic ceremonies beliefs about their own culture, language, and dates to 1200-1500 AD effect! Usually used to trace matrilineage words the Dictionary of the Tano population within! There are three things that I love the most about this field were truly remarkable, they! Rattle, made of polished stone peoples have occupied the area the pre-Tanos and the spiritual power they granted not... Send comments about this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links cookies to your...